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Application of Nanotechnology in Catalysis (1)

Views: 112     Author: Site Editor     Publish Time: 2021-10-12      Origin: Site

Catalysis is a typical example of early empirical reliance on nanotechnology development. Nanoscale catalysts have many superior conditions due to the small size of nanoparticles, the large volume percent occupied by the surface, the different bonding and electronic states on the surface compared to the interior of the particles, and the incomplete number of atomic coordination on the surface. 

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According to the latest research on the surface morphology of nanomaterials, decreasing the particle size will lead to a less smooth surface and the formation of uneven atomic interfaces, thus increasing the contact area for catalytic reactions. Nanoparticle catalysts have gained increasing attention in recent years and are called the fourth generation catalysts. Nanomaterial catalysts have unique crystal structure and surface properties (surface bonding state is different from the internal one, surface atomic coordination is incomplete, etc.), and their catalytic activity and selectivity are greatly superior to those of conventional catalysts, enabling even reactions that were carried out very slowly to proceed completely. 


Nanoscale catalysts will dramatically increase the rate of chemical reactions and combustion efficiency, while also significantly reducing waste emissions and environmental pollution.


I. Nano titanium dioxide


Nanoscale TiO2 catalysts have a large number of suspended bonds on the surface, which can form defective energy levels in the energy gap and make the catalyst surface highly active. This will have a great impact on the optical properties of nanotitanium dioxide, giving it a unique photocatalytic oxidation activity. This shows a significant effect in degrading organic pollutants in water and air, where organic matter and bacteria, etc. can be decomposed and oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. The special effect of nanometer titanium dioxide photocatalyst is triggering a so-called "light clean revolution".

 

Nano-molecular sieve catalyst


Zeolite molecular sieve is a hydrated crystalline silicate with uniform micropores, the pore size of which is comparable to the general molecular size and can sieve molecules of different sizes. Molecular sieves have a unique regular crystal structure, in which each type of zeolite has a certain size and shape of pore structure, and has a large specific surface area. Most zeolites have strong acid centers on their surfaces, while strong Coulomb fields within the crystal pores act as polarizers. These properties make molecular sieves excellent catalysts. Some zeolite molecular sieves also have unique shape-selective catalytic functions that can control the composition of the product and improve the yield.

 

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For example, the use of modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolite molecular sieve catalysts for toluene alkylation reactions can yield high concentrations of paraxylene. Using the ZSM-5 molecular sieve product shape-selective feature, Mobil Corporation in the U.S. successfully developed the reaction for the alkylation of methylstyrene to produce p-toluene. The p-methyl ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to give p-methylstyrene, which is polymerized to give polymeric materials with excellent properties.


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